Effects of episodic acidification on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts

نویسندگان

  • J. A. Magee
  • J. F. Kocik
چکیده

The effect of episodic acidification on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolt physiology and survival in fresh water (FW) and seawater (SW) was investigated. Smolts were held in either ambient (control, pH 6.0–6.6), acidified (chronic, pH 4.4–6.1), or episodically acidified (episodic, pH reduction from control levels to pH 5.2 for 48 h once weekly) river water for 31 days and then transferred to 34‰ SW. Smolts fed little while in acidified conditions and chronic smolts did not grow in length or weight. In FW, chronic smolts experienced increases in hematocrit and plasma potassium and reductions in plasma sodium and chloride. Upon transfer to SW, chronic and episodic smolts experienced reductions in hematocrit, increases in plasma sodium, chloride, and potassium levels, and suffered mortalities. Gill Na+,K+-ATPase and citrate synthase activities were reduced by exposure to acid. For most parameters, the effect of episodic acid exposure was less than that of chronic acidification. Exposure to acidic conditions, even when short in duration and followed by a 30-h recovery period in suitable water (pH 6.5), led to a 35% mortality of smolts upon transfer to SW. This study highlights the importance of measuring and assessing sublethal stresses in FW and their ultimate effects in marine ecosystems. Résumé : Nous avons étudié les effets de l’acidification épisodique sur la physiologie des saumoneaux du saumon de l’Atlantique (Salmo salar) et sur leur survie en eaux douce (FW) et salée (SW). Les saumoneaux ont été gardés en eau de rivière pendant 31 jours, dans des conditions ambiantes (témoin, pH 6,0–6,6), d’acidification chronique (pH 4,4–6,1) ou d’acidification épisodique (réduction des niveaux témoins à pH 5,2 pendant 48 h, une fois la semaine) et ensuite mis en eau de mer à 34 ‰. Dans les conditions d’acidification, les saumoneaux se nourrissent peu et ceux qui sont placées en acidification chronique ne croissent ni en longueur, ni en masse. En eau douce, les saumoneaux en acidification chronique subissent des augmentation de leur hématocrite et de leur potassium plasmatique et des réductions du sodium et des chlorures de leur plasma. Après un transfert en eau salée, les saumoneaux exposés aux conditions chroniques et épisodiques d’acidification subissent des réduction de leur hématocrite, des augmentations du sodium, des chlorures et du potassium de leur plasma et ils ont une mortalité accrue. Les activités de la Na+,K+-ATPase et de la citrate synthase sont réduites par l’exposition à l’acidité. Les effets d’une exposition périodique à l’acidité sont moins dommageables pour la plupart des paramètres que ceux d’une exposition chronique. L’exposition aux conditions acides, même de courte durée et suivie d’une période de récupération de 30 h en eau appropriée (pH 6,5), entraîne une mortalité de 35 % des saumoneaux lors de leur transfert en eau salée. Notre étude met en lumière l’importance de mesurer et d’évaluer les stress sublétaux en eau douce et leurs effets éventuels dans l’écosystème marin. [Traduit par la Rédaction] Magee et al. 221

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تاریخ انتشار 2003